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3	Introduction Group Activity
4	Unit 3 Objectives By the end of this unit, you will: Understand the threat characteristics of radiological WMDs. Identify types of harm that radiological WMDs may cause First Responders. Describe the uses and limitations of PPE at radiological emergencies. List First Responder protective actions at radiological WMD incidents.
5	Team Activity SM 3-5 Identify Responder Issues From the video, determine the following: Team 3 - Threat Characteristics Team 4 - Types of Harm Team 1 - PPE Considerations Team 2 - First Responder Protective Actions
6	Unit 3 Video
7	Team 3 Threat Characteristics Possible internal emitters Possible penetrating radiation Toxicity, corrosivity, etc.
8	Team 4
9	Team 1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Structural Firefighter Protective Clothing (SFPC) Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
10	Team 2
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12	Penetrating Power
13	Radiation Threat Characteristics SM 3-7 and 3-9
14	Radiation Threat Characteristics SM 3-9
15	Radiation Sources - Natural
16	Radiation Sources - Manmade
17	Types of Harm - Illnesses / Injury Acute exposure 100 rem, short time Acute radiation syndrome Reproductive effects Fetal Exposure Skin Burns
18	Types of Harm - Illnesses / Injury Skin Burns – Chernobyl Fire Fighters
19	Stages of Acute Radiation Syndrome
20	Emergency Response Guidebook Information According to the ERG - how can you protect against external radiation exposure?
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22	Types of Harm – Long Term Effects Cancer Genetic effects
23	PPE & Radiation Activity SM 3-15 Which types of radiation present the greatest risk as internal emitters? Explain. ___Alpha ___ Beta ___ Gamma ___ None Check the types of radiation that can be effectively blocked with SFPC. ___Alpha ___ Beta ___ Gamma ___ None 3. How can we limit our exposure to gamma radiation?
24	PPE & Radiation Which piece of PPE provides the most important protection when a radioactive source may be present? Why? ___ Helmet ___ Coat / Pants ___ SCBA ___ Boots ___ Gloves Decontamination is rarely necessary after working at an incident where a radiological material was present. Explain. ___True ___ False
25	First Responder Protective Actions Establish command Isolate / Assess Evaluate rescue Decontaminate Call for technical assistance
26	First Responder Protective Actions SM 3-17
27	Isolating Radiation Hazards Low level radiation: 330 feet (downwind) for large spills; 1000 feet (in all directions) for fires (see Guide 161) Low to moderate level radiation: 330 feet (downwind) for large spills; 1000 feet (in all directions) for fires (see Guide 162) Low to high level radiation: 330 feet (downwind) for large spills; 1000 feet (in all directions) for fires (see Guide 163) How will you know the level of radiation involved in an emergency response situation? Probably will not know
28	Sample Radiation Detectors Canberra ‘Mini-Radiac 500’ Rate meter and dosimeter Weight- 9.5 oz Small enough to easily be worn Will be placed on all emergency apparatus
29	Features Personal radiation monitor designed for the needs of first responders Measures and displays radiation dose rate and total dose Presettable two level audio and visual alarms (vibrating alarm optional) Designed to operate in extremes of temperature, shock, humidity, dust, immersion and radiation Large, easy-to-read backlit LCD display Intuitive six button user interface Operable/readable by personnel in fire fighting or HAZMAT protective gear Uses standard AAA batteries Low life cycle costs due to calibration stability and automatic self calibration Stay Time display shows time remaining to dose alarm Source finder mode
30	First Responder Protective Actions Risk vs. Benefit Clues to Survivability Limiting Exposure Decontamination
31	First Responder Protective Actions As Low As Reasonably Achievable
32	Time, Distance, and Shielding
33	First Responder Protective Actions Time Limit the time you spend near the source The shorter the time in a radiation field, the less the radiation exposure Work quickly and efficiently Rotating team approach can be used to keep individual radiation exposure to a minimum
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35	First Responder Protective Actions Distance Increase the distance between yourself and the source The farther a person is from the source of radiation, the lower the dose Doubling the distance will quarter the dose of radiation (Inverse Square Law) Do not touch radioactive materials, use shovels, brooms etc., to move materials
36	"Protection Factor" Protection Factor
37	First Responder Protective Actions Shielding Although not always practical in emergency situations, shielding offered by barriers can reduce radiation exposure Alpha cannot penetrate unbroken skin or paper Beta is stopped by aluminum foil or clothing Gamma rays require dense materials such as lead, earth, concrete, or steel
38	First Responder Protective Actions Technical Assistance? Haz Mat CHEMTREC Industry Nuclear medicine department Laboratories Veterinary facilities Universities
39	First Responder Protective Actions Additional technical assistance Nuclear Regulatory Commission Department of Energy Public Health Service EPA FBI* Review case study - First Responder Protective Actions - Team 2 – SM 3-5
40	Optional Material Expanded Information Section: Unit 3
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42	Radioactive Packaging
43	Radioactive Packaging
44	Radioactive Packaging
45	Radioactive Packaging
46	Radioactive Packaging